Full text of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Ethical Life. However, Hegel criticizes the deployment of Kantian morality in society for being insufficient. Ethics, for Hegel, is concerned with life because ethics is about creation and propagation. Ethical Life stands opposed to Abstract Right and Morality as the domain within that triad in which right is observable—and thus given objective form. Hegel argues that a society develops certain sets of duties which correspond to universal morals. The third sphere, the sphere of ethical life (Sittlichkeit), is marked by family, civil society and the State. Hegel defined marriage as the “…immediate type of ethical relationship, contains first, the moment of physical life; and since marriage is a substantial tie, the life involved in it is life in its totality” (Hegel, 1820/2015, p. 203). Nonetheless, the duties and the very morality developed in one society can significantly differ from the norms accepted in another society, so it is impossible to state that ethical norms of a society correspond to the universal norms. Holism and normative essentialism in Hegel’s social ontology , in H. Ikäheimo and A. Third Part: Ethical Life § 142 . Hegel lived during the Enlightenment, and as a result, he argued that the tendency of modern life was shifting away … Where Hegel’s view of society was tripartite and concentric, Marx’s was essentially dualist and antithetical. Ikäheimo , H. ( 2011 ). Professor Wood shows how Hegel applies his theory to such topics as human rights, the justification of legal punishment, criteria of moral responsibility, and the authority of individual conscience. He explains this deficiency through philosophical critique of pathologies such as loneliness, depression and agony. The second two-thirds of the book are devoted to what follows "Abstract Right" in Hegel's text, and here Kervégan treats almost exclusively those parts of "Ethical Life" that deal with society and politics, namely, civil society and the (political) state, respectively. To look at the role Civil Society plays in Ethical Life, it is necessary to first look at how Hegel understands Ethical Life as contributing to his notion of freedom. Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain 49 /50, 73 –95. The Nature and Ethics of Civil Society: In Hegel’s political thought, it was important to note the role played by nature, Hegel assumed the unity of nature and freedom also attempted to diagnose the natural substantiality which apprised individual’s free will. For Hegel, marriage plays an important role in resolving the contradiction between individual and society. Hegel describes one cultural expression of Spirit as “ethical life.” Ethical life is defined as a reflection of the basic interdependence among people in a society. … Hegel’s model comprised the family which was contained within civil society which in turn was contained by the centralised bureaucratic state which he regarded as the highest form of ethical life, the most stable expression of Geist. From Sittlichkeit emerge the family, community, civil society, constitutions, and the State itself. This important new study offers a powerful exposition of the ethical theory underlying Hegel's philosophy of society, politics, and history.