The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations can be seen as an example of global efforts to bring a universalist, equal and common moral justice to all people, and Moral Universalism is, at least in part, the basis for modern human rights, and an integral part of any Humanist philosophy. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics believed in a kind of Universalism, opposing the Moral Relativism of the Sophists, as did Immanuel Kant (especially in his theory of the Categorical Imperative), John Locke, John Stuart Mill and Ayn Rand (1905 - 1982). Those who do not rise to the minimal moral level of applying to themselves the standards they apply to others—more stringent ones, in fact—plainly cannot be taken seriously when they speak of appropriateness of response; or of right and wrong, good and evil. A universal ethic is a moral system that applies universally to all of humanity, and thus transcends culture and personal whim. A universal approach to ethics is based on the concept of moral absolutism: the idea that if something isn't right in one place or for one person, it is not right for anyone, anywhere. „Universalism vs. Particularism indicates how a society applies rules of morals and ethics. To some extent, (particularly if the universal ethic is considered to be derived or inferred from what is common among existing moral codes), it can be seen as a compromise between Moral Absolutism and Moral Realism. According to Melé & Sánchez-Runde (2013), Universal ethics can be perceived as a form of moral constitution which is expressed as a set of specific ethical principles that can be applied to each and every individual being, out of the set standards or ‘constitution,’ all other secular groups or religions can come up with or maintain t… [18], Global environmental treaties may also assume and present a moral universalism. Universalism Ignores God's Justice . However, not all forms of moral universalism are absolutist, nor are they necessarily value monist; many forms of universalism, such as utilitarianism, ar… Similarly, divine command theory presents a form of universalism, by way of the unconditional morality of God's commandments. Protecting this heritage is presented in the treaty as a shared moral duty requiring protective actions based on "common but differentiated responsibilities". Universalism focuses exclusively on God's love and mercy and ignores his holiness, justice, and wrath. Linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky states: "if we adopt the principle of universality: if an action is right (or wrong) for others, it is right (or wrong) for us. The source or justification of this system is variously claimed to be human nature, a shared vulnerability to suffering, the demands of universal reason, common themes among existing moral codes, or the mandates of religion. Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. Thi… At its simplest, ethical universalism establishes the view that when individuals make an ethical statement, they are putting forward a proposition that has implications for everyone within a society. Moral Universalism is the meta-ethical position that there is a universal ethic which applies to all people, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexuality or other distinguishing feature, and all the time.A universal ethic is a moral system that applies universally to all of humanity, and thus transcends culture and personal whim. [2] Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism. . [7][8][9][10][11][12] The Seven Laws of Noah include prohibitions against worshipping idols, cursing God, murder, adultery, bestiality, sexual immorality, theft, eating flesh torn from a living animal, as well as the obligation to establish courts of justice. These principles require that what we do should be what is acceptable to all people regardless of religion, gender, race, and other social differences. [citation needed], In addition to the theories of moral realism, moral universalism includes other cognitivist moral theories, such as the subjectivist ideal observer theory and divine command theory, and also the non-cognitivist moral theory of universal prescriptivism.