/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] . /Font << Once you have established that you have an actual argument, you should examine it for validity. Now we know how to know whether an argument is vaild, we can also see how it can be invalid, which is by showing how even if all the premises are true, the conclusion could be false. /Length 3714 >> /RoleMap 10 0 R Conversely, if an argument is invalid, then the reasoning process behind the inferences is not correct. 1 0 obj >> /Chartsheet /Part /Tabs /S Firstly, a sound argument is a deductive argument. Validity and Soundness. /Type /StructElem >> Two examples illustrate the differences between a valid and a sound argument. 12 0 obj �!_�6�f����˂h���)�*� ��ɰ�ܶ��a�b=f Zz��.T�;=Hr�����v���Q��E�U2c nȮ��_c6L�L'Q���DE�Y0�+{|a��:�ֱ�4H�T�)q�ؾ�dž@�8 If a deductive argument is valid, that means the reasoning process behind the inferences is correct and there are no fallacies. /Textbox /Sect /Producer (http://www.convertapi.com ) endobj /F2 14 0 R Remember, however, that even if it can be demonstrated that both the premises and the intermediate inferences are incorrect, that does not mean that the final conclusion is also false. /Type /Metadata endobj God and a Priori vs. a Posteriori: Types of Knowledge, The Difference Between Propaganda and Persuasion, 5 Flawed Arguments for Intelligent Design, 10 Common Arguments Used by Opponents of Gay Marriage, Therefore, the platypus is a mammal. What Is Open Mindedness in Critical Thinking? << /FitWindow false Valid vs. Sound Arguments . /K [9 0 R] /K [20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R /CreationDate (D:20130105182556-07'00') 9 0 obj /Type /StructTreeRoot %���� /F6 18 0 R [2 C�����^�����Hξ� Ӵ7Zc�H���_������õ ���1��3Rj �ld� W��3&�KlEA2�K�ǟ/>]k��E� �����G�/��r�:̻�N����. It is also a sound argument because the premises are true. << >> 4 0 obj http://www.convertapi.com And on top of all that, the premises are actually true. This is a valid deductive argument, even though the premises are both false. 2 0 obj /Filter [/FlateDecode] If the inductive argument is not only strong but also has all true premises, then it is called cogent. /Workbook /Document stream /Contents 19 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /Worksheet /Part CHAPTER 9 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.1 VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS Validity is a most important concept in critical thinking. 6 0 obj There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. 'Y"��-�/U 7�����s����t� Z�R� /Type /Page << << /Length 2935 endobj /InlineShape /Sect /PXCViewerInfo (PDF-XChange Viewer;2.5.199.0;Sep 27 2011;19:41:29;D:20130105122646-07'00') << endstream << Some Common valid Argument Forms -- With Examples - by Richard Lee. By using Learn Religions, you accept our, Deductive and Inductive Logic in Arguments. 10 0 obj (conclusion), Therefore, the redwood is a plant. It’s trying to establish conclusive support for its conclusion. To critique an argument and show that it is invalid or possibly unsound or uncogent, it is necessary to attack either the premises or the inferences. /Resources << /Subtype /XML /Creator (Microsoft® Word 2010) Therefore, it should be fun to take a walk through the woods now. endobj If a deductive argument is sound, that means that not only are all the inferences true, but the premises are also true. >> If the inferences and reasoning process in an argument is false, that's usually because of some fallacy. Austin Cline, a former regional director for the Council for Secular Humanism, writes and lectures extensively about atheism and agnosticism. << x���n�8�=@����؃�o����Iv2�N�m�Ţ�Ֆ��ґ�d���sHJ�d�Ng�&�(���o��EQ�tV�ׯ�/�2�=ds���rS�����w������>_�e�YO���� ��;=9�a�qr�8=a$���8 �$"�qL�V�'��_�<=�2"����/�'�zퟧ'"�4fD���TƄ)�$��NO>�D��Y����,�o��V�T�\��X��m� �����r�� !�o��^��� L�@���4P��b�Q��(�TĎr*�X�>��|,Gs���;���D?~�_6�=���|��h�m�趱ws�H���� �ܣ��L�7a�d7;�����i Z ���l�8��Ѭ��b���q8J��9�LOB�K���ГfA����O����F��~~��[�l��;x���� �|���@^���$��0��>�?�˨>�d�@��=��ʳ��b)�!OX`����� �v�I]k��G�Ǡ/ ڣb2a��6T 9�J�?�jۧO@xR� -�O�D`W�h�U�`��an0�;d��JAv�%4�V�4RӉ��N���)�J�7JM'�/�sl��2�6W�V��7S�!~�pTb`�����$n|��yi@iȢ�ˍ���Dxbwr opG�[ 8k�6;*��e��5hT����9@:��c�_�kq�Q�GYT3�ט�Ȃ)}��@`�l,�Z�$�j���C"�jH@T�H���W��:. 3 0 obj uuid:A4AEFBAB-6DA3-DC13-381D-F210244A52E8 >> /Resources << Here is an example: Strolling through the woods is usually fun. << /ViewerPreferences 6 0 R /Nums [0 62 0 R 1 63 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Group << << /Font << 7 0 obj /Contents 12 0 R /ParentTree 11 0 R A valid argument need not have true premises or a true conclusion. /CenterWindow false /Title (Validity and Soundness) endobj << A sound argument is an argument that is valid, and all of its premises are true. >> Any substitution instance of one of these argument forms will be such that if the premises are true, the conclusion will be true as well. Because its form is valid and its premises are true, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true. A sound argument is the only argument that can give us knowledge of the conclusion. << )wq��~0��pf�� �3�%� �$9�dրoa����>��o/�&=���� What if Atheists are Wrong? 2013-01-05T19:25:56-06:00 /Chart /Sect /StructParents 0 >> ��� �3�|:�vbh�cJ .>�M0�tn�Xk���������:���|��i3�I��b���KS:��g����$-���+gz�� ccl�07��X��&�LP���˃��C&!I[�xyx ^(���Z=1�3�bE�#g:��[З�{`j>�/H�c}A��N� Nh�������U�Npq@�hN�@pM /\����N����E��.;#)��%(|-���7'�Ix�)ai�ĵu�ӳ��$֥}��7'�h�|���2P��P'�ǹZ����I��! Can You Take the Chance? endobj Nonetheless, the argument is valid because it has the same logical form as the previous argument.