Some members of the genus Shorea (Meranti, Balau, or Lauan) of the family Dipterocarpaceae are also sometimes sold as Philippine mahogany,[1] although the name is more properly applied to another species of Toona, Toona calantas. This wood is also called Lauan or Meranti. The wood first came to the notice of Europeans with the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the Americas. In the Philippines, environmentalists are calling for an end to the planting of mahogany because of its negative impact on the environment and wildlife, including possibly causing soil acidification and no net benefit to wildlife. All our dictionaries are bidirectional, meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.[33]. At the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. Copyright © IDM 2020, unless otherwise noted. [28] Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. In the 1930s Gibson used the wood to make banjo necks as well, the RB, TB and PB style 3s and RB, TB and PB style 75s were most commonly fitted with mahogany necks. [24] However, caoba, as the Spanish called the wood, was principally reserved for ship building, and it was declared a royal monopoly at Havana in 1622. [25] On the English-controlled islands, especially Jamaica and the Bahamas, mahogany was abundant but not exported in any quantity before 1700. Have a look at the English-Vietnamese dictionary by bab.la. When transported to Jamaica as slaves, they gave the same name to the similar trees they saw there. [36] By the end of the 19th century there was scarcely any part of Central America within reach of the coast untouched by logging, and activity also extended into Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.[35]. [16], The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish sheen when polished. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was Belize. [21] Among botanists and naturalists, however, the tree was considered a type of cedar, and in 1759 was classified by Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) as Cedrela mahagoni. Saint Domingue became the independent republic of Haiti, and from 1808, Spanish controlled Santo Domingo and Cuba were both open to British vessels for the first time. Adam Bowett, 'The 1721 Naval Stores Act and the Commercial Introduction of Mahogany'. Usually on the first day of Introduction to Typography, you get the, Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant, I received my next. Figures are not available for all countries, but Britain alone imported more than 80,000 tons in 1875. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America. Vitex parviflora is a species of plant in the family Verbenaceae, also known as smallflower chastetree or the molave tree. Today, all species of Swietenia grown in their native locations are listed by CITES, and are therefore protected. 5. Hence very little of the mahogany growing in Spanish controlled territory found its way to Europe. Penang: Areca Books. Mahogany is still widely used for fine furniture; however, the rarity of Cuban mahogany, the over-harvesting of Honduras and Brazilian mahogany, and the protests by indigenous peoples and environmental organizations from the 1980s into the 2000s,[39][40][22][41] have diminished their use. The National Archives (United Kingdom), Shipping register, CO 142 (Jamaica); Cust 3. Marcelo M. Giugale & Vicente Fretes Cibils. These sentences come from external sources and may not be accurate. S. mahagoni grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida; S. humilis grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to Costa Rica; S. macrophylla grows in Central America from Yucatan southwards and into South America, extending as far as Peru, Bolivia and extreme western Brazil. By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Macam Macam \'Part of Tree\' Dalam Bahasa Inggris Beserta Artinya Part of tree Pada kesempatan kali ini kita akan membahas mengenai vocabulary atau kosakata dalam bahasa inggris [26] This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. ), a related genus, began to be exported in increasing quantities from West Africa, and by the early 20th century it dominated the market. The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3; Shipping returns, CO 142 (Jamaica). The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain;[1] while the largest exporter today is Peru, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001. All rights reserved. 3. This was the result of the 1766 Free Ports Act, which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time. However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American furniture came from the Bahamas. tugu peringatam untuk orang yang dikubur di lain tempat. The molave tree (Vitex parviflora Juss.) [47][48], Media related to Mahogany at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the timber. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely;[34] they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. [32] The object was primarily to encourage importations of cotton from French plantations in Saint Domingue, but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa. Thus, the illegal trade of bigleaf mahogany continues apace.[22]. [1], Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic[14] and Belize. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of Ruatan, which was the main offshore entrepot for the British settlers in the area. Contextual translation of "tugas tree" into English. [20] The indigenous Arawak name for the tree is not known. Record & Hess, Timbers of the New World (1972), p. 368. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed. (Only members of the genus Swietenia can be called "genuine mahogany.") Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Or learning new words is more your thing? [17] In the 20th century various botanists attempted to further define S. macrophylla in South America as a new species, such as S. candollei Pittier and S. tessmannii Harms., but many authorities consider these spurious. According to Record and Hess, all of the mahogany of continental North and South America can be considered as one botanical species, Swietenia macrophylla King.[18]. more_vert. Did you know? In the 17th century, the buccaneer John Esquemeling recorded the use of mahogany or cedrela on Hispaniola for making canoes: "The Indians make these canoes without the use of any iron instruments, by only burning the trees at the bottom near the root, and afterwards governing the fire with such industry that nothing is burnt more than what they would have..."[23]. [11] It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is illegally harvested, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $40–70 million USD annually. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. F. Bruce Lamb, 'On Further defining Mahogany'. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa to describe trees of the genus Khaya, which is closely related to Swietenia. Their main occupation was cutting logwood, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. In 1975 S. humilis was placed on CITES Appendix II followed by S. mahagoni in 1992. The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3. Wide, flat platforms with irregularly shaped edges can be obtained from other tree species, but not those uniquely shaped branches.